Abstract   Cancer, a disease characterized by uncontrollable cell proliferation, remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with metastasis accounting for >90% of total tumour-related deaths [1] . Cancer recurrence, driven mostly by dormant tumour cells, remains a major hurdle in developing effective therapies. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge and findings around tumour cell dormancy and cancer recurrence, highlighting potential therapeutic paths

When we look at the price of something - a jumper, a coffee, or a concert ticket, we rarely think twice about how that number came to be. We often assume it is nothing more than a simple reflection of the cost, perhaps with a small profit margin for the firm. Yet behind each number lies a carefully constructed psychological strategy, crafted not only to influence the way we perceive value and guide the choices we make, but also to maximise profit for the business. Every £4.99

“A Soviet woman is equal in rights with a man ... But our Soviet woman is not exempt from that great   and honourable duty that nature has endowed her with: she is a mother; she must give birth.”   Conscience of the Party , Aaron Soltz (1937)   The Communist Party’s Family Codes of 1918 and 1926, alongside a series of laws between 1917 and   1920, presented a radical and progressive shift for women – emancipating them. These changes included the legalisation of a ‘no-fault di

Climate change. Global warming. Ubiquitous words in this day and age. Yet, new, increasingly-concerning statistics are released monthly; the consequences aren’t approaching, they’re a reality right now. Inevitably, our planet’s ecosystems are deteriorating at alarming rates - forests burn, oceans acidify, and once-stable climates shift beyond what species can survive.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that approximately 3.6 billion people live in area

Chaos Theory Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics and physics which deals with systems that produce deterministic but unpredictable outcomes. This branch of science studies how small differences in the initial conditions can affect how different the outcomes are from each other.  This idea that differences in the starting point, perhaps as negligible as a rounding error, producing dramatic results by the end can often be explored in real life examples such as weather forec

In February 2022, Russian tanks rolled into Ukraine. Even before that, many experts had predicted the swift collapse of Vladimir Putin’s regime, under the weight of international sanctions and military setbacks. Yet, years later, Putin remains in power. Why is this? From Nicaragua to North Korea, from Iran to China, a new wave of authoritarian leaders seem to be consolidating power, even in our interconnected, modern age. How do they do this? And what does this tell us about

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetes-related eye condition caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). Over time, high blood sugar levels can weaken and block these vessels, leading to vision impairment and in severe cases, blindness. DR often develops without early symptoms, making regular screening essential for timely detection and treatment. As the global prevalence of diabetes continues to rise, so does the